Bathymetry, Borders, Piers and a Totem Pole

I was taking a look at various bathymetry in the northwest Washington coastal waters and noted a couple of things on this image: one of great past importance and the other of more recent attention.

  

I labeled the second image with Cherry Point and the border between US and Canada as a red line.

 

The past issue involving bathymetry is note the western side of the San Juan islands is bounded by a deeper channel than the east side of the islands. The United States demonstrated that western channel was the deeper channel and that ultimately determined the U.S.-Canadian border through the coastal islands in 1872 borderlines-and-oregon-country-whatcom. The line was drawn to include San Juan Island despite a strong previous presence by the Hudson Bay Company. 

The other more recent bathymetry is the relatively deep water right up to the coast at Cherry Point. That fact has caused that bit of coast to be an appealing location for deep water piers. Three already exist serving two refineries and an aluminum plant. And another is being proposed for shipping coal. But deep water close to shore also makes for very good fishing, and the local tribes are objecting to the scheme. 

On Friday I went out to Cherry Point right after my return from urban geology (another day for those stories). I arrived just in time to see the totem pole carved by House of Tears arrive from its recent visits to the Powder River and points between.  

House of Tears totem pole

Speeches 

Brisk day with a view across the straits to Canada

Visualize a coal terminal here

Big Landside Hints

Posting has been a bit limited of late due to field work and deadlines.

 

I visited a large slide area on Hood Canal recently. I had been to the same slide area a few years ago before it reactivated and identified a clay unit that is rather consistently associated with a number of deep-seated landslides in the area. With the more recent movement it really doesn't take a geologist to know something is amiss. Lots of obvious and not so obvious hints.

 

The first picture above shows a fairly mature cedar that is tilted well out of plumb. The road also has a bend where it crosses onto the failure area and has been off set from its original straight path. Note the thick growth of horse tail indicating wet soils at depth.

The fence has been off set about 15 feet as a block within the slide complex moved at a faster rate than another block.

Silt/clay unit that is unraveling and is the cause of the failure 

 

Northern Alligator Lizard Habitat at Discovery Bay

This south facing shoreline bluff at Discovery Bay had abundant lizards. Initially I did not really notice the scurrying of the lizards as I walked along. It wasn't until afterwards their presence registered.

 

The habitat is the result of a number of factors. The site had a south aspect, is in the dry rain shadow of the Olympic Range, had extremely well drained sandy soils from recessional outwash gravel and sand and a frequency of slope failures that was not too extreme to wipe out the habitat, but maintained open areas, and a built up beach with lots of drift wood for hideouts. Alas, I was not quick enough to get any pictures once I realized what I was seeing. But still a great example of geology, climate and landslides creating a unique critical (for lizards) habitat.  burkemuseum.org/herpetology/reptile/northern_alligator_lizard

 

 

Ecology's Coal Scope Non Precedent

Washington State Senator Doug Ericksen's (R-42nd) sent a letter to the Washington State Department of Ecology expressing concerns about the scope of the Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed coal terminal in Whatcom County. His view reflects the views of many coal terminal supporters. The letter and reply from Ecology has generated some fairly typical posturing (washingtonstatewire.com/ecology-on-hot-seat-about-coal-port-analysis-business-calls-it-bizarre-worrisome/).

The primary concern is about precedent regarding these scope items Ecology is requiring for the review:

• A detailed assessment of rail transportation on other representative communities in Washington and a general analysis of out-of-state rail impacts.
• An assessment of how the project would affect human health in Washington.
• A general assessment of cargo-ship impacts beyond Washington waters.
• An evaluation and disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions of end-use coal combustion.

However, despite coal terminal proponents protestations, the scope of review Ecology is seeking may not really be all that much of a precedent in the larger picture of environmental impact statements for similar projects. A rail project from the Powder Basin to the upper Midwest was required to review transportation impacts and noise impacts. The initial EIS process assessed impacts to traffic and emergency vehicles and which led to a project mitigation requirement to have in place two new grade separated crossings to address emergency vehicle delays. (Note there was an interesting geology component to the rail routing in the EIS that led to expanding use of the existing rail line through potential traffic problem areas)

And upon appeal a limited further review of noise was required and a review green house gas emissions was required (ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/03/10/021359P.pdf).

In the opinion the Court stated that indirect effects must be reviewed and that "Indirect effects are defined as those that are caused by the action and are later in time or further removed in distance, but still reasonably foreseeable. It is reasonably foreseeable - indeed, it is almost certainly true that the proposed project will increase the long term demand for coal and any adverse effects that result from burning coal. We believe that it would be irresponsible for the Board to approve a project of this scope without first examining the effects that may occur as a result of the reasonable foreseeable increase in coal consumption."

In the context of the similar scale coal terminal project at Cherry Point and the 8th Circuit opinion, Washington State Department of Ecology is being responsible. But not everyone agrees. 

Change in the Weather Music

I've been a bit hooked on First Aid Kit I think in part due to the weather change that is coming. Their song Emy Lou starts with the line "The bitter winds are coming in and I am already missing the summer". First Aid Kit are from Sweden so no where near the cold in western Washington as in essentially all of Sweden. That said, it will not be long and our northwest Washington temperatures will stop reaching 60 and we will have that long chilly stretch of weather that requires a bit of tolerance. The second line of the song is "Stockholm is cold, but I've been told that I was born to endure this kind of weather". 

Our winters are not severe, but we do go a long time with no warm weather. A cold front is moving in late today and another with wind on Sunday. We may get some more dry warm weather late next week so a little early fall warm still might be left.

Another First Aid Kit song that brings some nostalgia as well as a reminder of a current loved one has a wonderful line regarding what the living in the north is like, It always takes me by surprise how dark it gets this time of year". Our days are getting very rapidly short, but Sweden still beats us on that particularly in the north of the country.

Lummi Dry Dock and Island Mountains

Every September the Lummi Island ferry goes to dry dock for maintenance and very often repairs. In a past period I was always up on the latest hull repair costs to the old boat, but I had never experienced dry dock directly. I have had an ongoing project on Lummi so I had my chance recently. Passenger only ferry service is provided by the Salish Sea during dry dock. As I have been going walk on anyway the difference for me was how I had to park from the ferry landing on the main land side. 

 

On my walk back to the car, I had nice views of the two highest island peaks as a frontal system began to arrive.

Mount Constitution on Orcas Island with the northern part of Lummi in the foreground 

Lummi Peak, the mountainous south half of Lummi Island

Don't Know Much About Mushrooms

Jon Krakaeur, author of Into the Wild has an update on his theory on the death of Chris McCandles (http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2013/09/how-chris-mccandless-died.html). Something to think about when it comes to western Washington wild food.

My wild food diet is rather restricted - particularly when it comes to mushrooms. I was reminded of that last week while coming across a fair number of wild mushrooms in the field. I have limited my mushroom consumption to only two kinds and suspect that I am missing out on a variety of others. I did sprinkle some cut up chantrelle mushrooms on my Sunday pizza, but otherwise I mostly find the sudden explosion of fall mushrooms as a nice surprise in the forest and I reminder of how little I know.

Fog and Ship Traffic

Friday last week was very fogy at least where I was (Bellingham was apparently sunny most of the day). I enjoyed the view of fog and boat traffic from a bluff in Port Townsend while discussing slope issues. There were two fog layers - one on the water and the higher marine stratus. The ships in the fog disrupted the conversation even for the locals: the view was simply too cool to discuss geology.  

Kennewick heading out to Keystone. Tree covered horizon is Marrowstone Island 

A once common view in Port Townsend

A tall masted ship heading out into the Strait of Juan de Fuca

A Note on Syria: An Exponential Case Study?

Been a bit hard not think about Syria. There have been a spat of articles regarding the pre civil drought in Syria. The drought caused a great deal of economic hardship and brought about significant internal and external refugee pressures. Sometimes climate does cause societal shifts. This idea is not new, but it will be very worthwhile to look back and wonder at what might have been done differently from a national security perspective. NASA was tracking the drought very early on.

The USDA recognized in 2008 that what was happening in the north of Syria was likely a bigger problem than Syria could handle. usda.gov/2008/05/Syria_may2008.htm

And the early consequences were being published widely by 2010 (nytimes.com/2010/10/14/syria.).

Besides the drought anther factor that sometimes gets mentioned in discussions of the Middle East is the population of the Middle East doubled between 1950 and 1980 and since 1980 it has doubled again. The population increase combined with the lack of social mobility due to small boundaries, tribal issues, cultural issues and simply a lack of anywhere else to go set Syria up for a crisis that the country simply could not handle.  

Predicting the future is a tough business. But when the US military cites global climate change as a major threat to US security, they may now have an all too real recent example to point to. And add to that population increases and what that really means when up against a resource (food) subject to climate disruption.

Kurt Kobb, an energy and oil resources writer brings attention to Al Bartlett's lecture on exponential function and population and energy with the statement, "The greatest shortcoming of the human race is our inability to understand the exponential function."  

Terminal Coal Reading

Back in the early 2000s EFSEC reviewed a proposed natural gas power plant in Sumas, Washington  sumas-energy-2-efsec-and-corn-field. It was a huge local issue and after a long review process EFSEC announced its determination before an overflow crowd of citizens. All very dramatic. The determination was to deny the project permit. A rare determination and in fact the only time EFSEC ever flat out denied a permit.

What followed was much less dramatic. The power plant proponent reworked their scheme and reapplied with an application that met every objection that caused he denial. EFSEC then said yes and then..............the power plant was never built.

In regards to the coal terminal proposals, energy market followers are strongly suggesting that the proposed coal export terminals may follow a rather non dramatic path of studies not being completed and no big determinations. nytimes.com/us-coal-companies-scale-back-export-goals

But for silliness, one does have to wonder just what words the Lummi Nation needs to use to be understood by the lawyers working with the Army Corps of Engineers bellinghamherald/feds-still-see-wiggle-room

Glacial Retreat, Landslides, and River Flood Impacts

NASA put up a nice before and after image (see above) of a landslide along a glacial margin in Alaska earthobservatory.nasa.gov. This slide was caught on seismic monitors and the approach of identifying large slides has been followed by Dave Petley at the landslideblog.

A similar landslide event took place this spring along a very steep slope on the west side of Mount Baker mbvrc/update-nooksack-debris-flow-initiated-by-landslide-not-outburst-flood/.

Essentially the glacier erodes the toe of the steep mountain slopes, but as long as the ice remains the steep slope is buttressed by the ice. When the glacial ice retreats the steep slopes no longer have the mass of ice buttressing the slope and will be subject to failures. The sediment slug added to the stream or river then has to be 'processed' through the river system. The big stuff takes some time.

During the late May 2013 event on Mount Baker turbidity gauges along the river recorded very high readings as the fine sediment passed downstream. The silt and clay ultimately gets deposited in Nooksack River delta and Bellingham Bay.

A very muddy Nooksack River in early June 2013

Many of the larger glaciers that extend down river valleys off of the Cascade Range volcanoes have retreated significantly the past several decades leaving lots of unsupported steep slopes. Hence, sediment loads to river systems fed by these streams and rivers may be receiving a significant increase in episodic slugs of sediment.

Turtleback Looks Like a Turtle

While pulling out of Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, I had one of those "now I get it" moments.

Turtleback Mountain, Orcas Island

Yes, Turtleback does look like a turtle - particularly when viewed from the San Juan Islands most populous location at Friday Harbor. A big part of Turtleback is owned by San Juan Land Trust and there are public trails with great views and some great prairie ecology. The site also has what I describe as the rarest forest in western Washington: rarest-forest-in-western-Washington. Turtleback lends its name to the oldest rocks in the San Juans - the Turtleback Complex. The complex consists primarily a mix of intrusive rocks that have been  interpreted to be the core of a volcanic island arc. Where exactly that island arc originally came from may not be entirely solvable. But the Turtleback is one of several accreted terrains in the San Juans.

Some Central Washington Geology Stops/Notes

A friend is heading over to Sun Lakes and up to Kettle Falls and wanted a few geology visit tips so I assembled a few past posts that may be along their route and thought Why not just post it on the blog.

1) This first site is on the east side of the Columbia River just off Interstate 90. You can see a fair bit of palagonite just zooming along the road especially on west bound I90 portion of the freeway west of the Columbia.
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2013/01/giant-columns-and-palagonite.html

2) The road from Brewster to Grand Coulee is one of my favorites. There is a great wide turnout to view the Columbia/Okanogan Rivers junction, ice age terraces and basalt injections.
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2012/07/basalt-injections-near-brewster.html

3) Any drive up onto the Waterville Plateau is a great geology adventure. This route up McNeil Canyon Road is a great spot to see erractic boulders scattered across the landscape. 
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2012/04/field-of-erratics.html

4) The highway southeast of Wenatchee has a pull out where great giant ripples from one of the later ice age floods flowed.
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2012/02/more-on-giant-ripples-and-big-floods.html
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2012/02/giant-ripples.html

5) This site is perhaps one of my favorite geology locations in all of Washington: back to back unconformities with the lower one being a spot where you can feel ancient soil (deeply weathered granitic rock) at the top of the lower unit just below the Columbia River Basalt
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2011/12/moment-in-deep-time-back-to-back.html

6) I have stopped at this site three times and always had the entire place to myself. Great view of the dam and glacial striations at your feet and views of old glacial lake terraces
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2011/12/crown-point-state-park-grand-coulee-dam.html

7) A bit subtle but the high buttes near Creston are explained and there is a road exposure of the older rocks 
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2011/10/windows-and-islands-in-basalt-near.html

8) This is a site I want to go back to with ample time - I want to measure a few of this huge erratics
http://washingtonlandscape.blogspot.com/2011/08/glacial-erratics-near-grand-coulee-dam.html

Alas I have very little north of the Columbia. In part it is because the geology is very complex, some I can not share, and it is an area I do not frequent nearly often enough. 

Debris Flood Report from Imus Creek, Stehekin

David Tucker forwarded me a couple of pictures from Stehekin in the central North Cascades that were sent to him by Jon Riedel of the North Cascades National Park. The email came with a "Post This". Thanks David and Jon. The pictures indicate that the flood and/or debris flood came down Imus Creek just behind the small town at the northwest end of Lake Chelan. Apparently the North Cascades Pass road has also been closed for the second time this summer due to debris flooding. 

The storm event that is winding down (2:00 pm, Sept. 6, 2013) was/is a rather unusual event. Very warm and mild with lots of rain. The total rain fall numbers around the state were impressive, but the more critical aspect of this event was the rain came in the form of intense down pours associated with thunderstorms. This storm had the weather folks pretty excited as it was unusual as evidenced by Cliff Mass putting up multiple posts cliffmass.blogspot before during and as it winds down. 

For geologists, these types of events are important. It is these intense rainfall events that shape our landscape particularly in eastern and central Washington State. In the remote mountain areas it is hard to know what the total rainfalls from these events are and for that matter what the return frequency is for that kind of precipitation. Jon reported 1.3 inches of rain at Stehekin in 3 hours.

The images are a reminder that geo hazard folks need to think about unusual weather events when assessing hazards; in central Washington this is particularly true. Based on the appearance if the shed, I suspect this is rather a rare event. 

Imus Creek is a fairly small watershed. The creek is only about two miles long, but has over 4,000 feet of vertical relief and lots of bare rock exposure. High flows in the creek are mostly due to snow melt, but this storm would have generated a very different hydrologic event than the more typical yearly high water events. 

It will be interesting to see what else comes in from various folks out on the landscape after this storm system. 

Women Lag Behind Men......in Drowning Rates

Graph from CDC

 

When out on the various lakes, rivers and sea water of Washington State, you may want to consider drowning rates. Men drown a lot more than women in the United States.  What I found impressive with the graph is the nearly 2:1 margin for even toddlers.  Howland and others (1996) provide some further explanation regarding the rates for men. The take away is a mix of cockiness, drinking while fishing or hunting on the water and more frequent exposure to circumstances that are riskier. I confess that I have been guilty of all of the above (excepting drinking while hunting, no warm nips allowed with guns).

Wetland Struggles

Over the weekend a couple of wetland struggles were making the news and social media rounds. The first was regarding a forested wetland at Panghorn Bog east of Lynden that I had previously posted on after a State Court of Appeals ruling (wetlands-and-farms-one-example). The farm had cleared the forest and drained the wetland without permits and has yet to act on restoration despite the court ruling. Now the Environmental Protection Agency has sued the farm to repair the damaged wetland (EPA-sues-Lynden-farm-over-land-clearing). There is no discussion in the article regarding downstream impacts to other farmers having larger volumes of water flowing through the down stream and ditch system. 

The other wetland struggle, this time west of Lynden and east of Blaine, is being circulated in this Freedom Foundation Video. I was alerted to the video via a Facebook post by Sam. There is a bit more to this story than the video suggests. Mr. Remenar's property is Lot 3 of H Street Meadows. The lot is part of a short plat (small subdivision of land). During the division of land, wetlands on the site were delineated and building areas on each of the new lots were designated. The plat map recorded with the Whatcom County Auditor (Auditor File # 2041200228) contains the following statements:

Jurisdictional wetlands and associated buffers occur throughout this property. A partial wetland delineation was conducted in order to identify building areas on each lot as depicted on the mylar. No development or maintenance activities shall take place outside the approved building areas without further critical areas review. Development and maintenance activities include but are not limited to the following: construction, clearing, grading filling landscaping, mowing, burning, and chemical maintenance of plants.

Mr. Remenar stated in the video he was unaware of wetlands on his property. I have no reason to doubt his statement, but the lot his home is built on has the wetlands designated and on file with the County Auditor with the conditions as shown above, and the excavation of the pond as well as other land clearing and vegetation management (mowing) within the wetland and wetland buffer is not consistent with the conditions placed on the lot at the time the lot was created.

Plat showing wetlands on Lot 3

2009 aerial (USGS) Wetland line derived from plat map. Conditions on the plat regarding wetlands apply to the portion of the property west of the blue dashed line

20011 (Google Earth) showing pond well within wetland boundary

The conditions on the lot as recorded with the County Auditor do not prohibit work being done within the wetland or wetland buffer, but does require a critical areas (in this case wetland) review. This sort of unpermitted thing happens and presents a headache for all involved. Perhaps a pond is a perfectly fine addition to this wetland area. But without a review and some thought it might cause harm to the wetland system. This is the headwaters area of a fairly large stream system that does have some problems with water quality. Downstream of this area are forested wetlands with beavers.

How to implement and carry out wetland regulations is not an easy business - a very tough question for local governments and probably a worthwhile question to periodically ask, Is there a better way?

Federal law requires wetland protections and have been around for a long time. States manage wetlands consistent with federal law by a variety of approaches. Washington State brings a lot of wetland regulation down to a local level as a requirement for counties and cities under the growth management act. This puts a lot of pressure on local electeds and creates a lot of misperceptions regarding wetland regulation. In the social media context, I was blamed by one commenter for the rules restricting the pond construction (I was on the Whatcom County Council for 8 years). However, the rules that applied to this plat and lot were passed in 1997 - before I was on the council and obviously the enforcement is taking place without any help from me.

I do not do wetland consulting work other than rare instances when there are some geology questions. However, I have worked on projects where clients have done work within geology hazard zones on their property and have received letters from the local government - always a tough issue, but in a way much easier as with geology hazards there is usually a great deal more deference given to the geologist. With wetlands, the fixes have to be consistent with federal law and there not as much flexibility.

Vast swaths of Whatcom County are underlain by glacial marine drift deposits with low permeability and hence vast areas have wetland issues. As such there will be far more inadvertent as well as purposeful violations of wetlands codes versus geology hazard regulations.